Which lightning protection standards are available for PV and wind systems?

Many lightning protection standards are available for PV and wind systems. However, standards for hybrid systems remain unavailable. In this section, the CENELEC standard, which is available for PV systems with an integrated external LPS when separation distance is not maintained, is applied to the hybrid system.

Can LPs be used to mitigate lightning-related effects on a hybrid PV–wind system?

Transient effects on a 4.1 MW hybrid PV–wind system due to direct lightning strikes are simulated and analyzed without LPS. An LPS system is designed based on the recommendations of the CENELEC standard to determine if they are appropriate in mitigating lightning-related effects on the hybrid system.

How do you protect a solar system from lightning?

A proper protection measure based on SPDs should be applied to mitigate transient overvoltage under the withstand voltage of the system to be protected. Many lightning protection standards are available for PV and wind systems. However, standards for hybrid systems remain unavailable.

How does Lightning affect a hybrid PV-wind system?

Hybrid PV–wind systems are exposed to direct and indirect lightning discharge due to their installation location. Traveling waves resulting from lightning flashes cause a temporary overvoltage. Lightning induced overvoltage can damage equipment connected to hybrid systems.

How to protect a hybrid PV-wind system?

The electrical and electronic components in the hybrid PV–wind system are exposed to lightning currents with high amplitudes. A proper protection measure based on SPDs should be applied to mitigate transient overvoltage under the withstand voltage of the system to be protected.

How are lightning surges injected into a hybrid PV system?

The lightning surges are injected individually into the hybrid system at three different points, namely, DC side of the PV system (point A), load side (point B), and WT side (point C), as illustrated in Fig. 13.