Should inverter-based resources be able to provide a primary frequency response?

Inverter-based resources should have the capability to provide primary frequency response (active power-frequency control) and deliver that primary frequency response to the grid when in an operating condition that would allow for a response.

What are the characteristics of different communication methods of inverters?

The characteristics of different communication methods of inverters are obvious, and the application scenarios are different. In order to better weave the underlying network of energy digitization and intelligent development, choose the most appropriate communication method according to local conditions.

Should auxiliary functions be included in grid-connected PV inverters?

Auxiliary functions should be included in Grid-connected PV inverters to help maintain balance if there is a mismatch between power generation and load demand.

Which countries use grid-connected PV inverters?

China, the United States, India, Brazil, and Spain were the top five countries by capacity added, making up around 66 % of all newly installed capacity, up from 61 % in 2021 . Grid-connected PV inverters have traditionally been thought as active power sources with an emphasis on maximizing power extraction from the PV modules.

What frequency should inverter-based resources be able to operate?

Therefore, inverter-based resources should be able to operate for frequencies between 57–63 Hz moving forward. Limitations of inverter-based resources are more related to the specifications used when the inverter was designed.

What is the future of PV Grid-Connected inverters?

The future of intelligent, robust, and adaptive control methods for PV grid-connected inverters is marked by increased autonomy, enhanced grid support, advanced fault tolerance, energy storage integration, and a focus on sustainability and user empowerment.